ÿþ<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>T&#256BID&#256R&#298</TITLE> <style type="text/css"> .BODY { background-color: #EAF1F7; background-image: url('images/gtbh.jpg'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; background-position: center; color: #0066CC;} .C1{text-align: justify;color: #0066CC;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} .BIB{text-align: center;color: #000099;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} .CONT{text-align: right;color: #FF0000;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} </style><META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="TBI,DR*"> <META http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"></HEAD> <BODY class="BODY" oncontextmenu="return false" ondragstart="return false" onselectstart="return false"> <FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma"> <p class="C1">&#65279T&#256BI'D&#256R&#298, lit. subordination or obedience, was a system of non-proprietory but permanent and hereditary and tenure during Sikh rule in the Punjab. The holders of <i>t&#257bi'd&#257r&#299</i> tenure were equivalent to those who since Mu<u>gh</u>al times had been known as <i>muz&#257ri' &#257&#7749-i-maur&#363s&#299</i> or occupancy tenants. It was prevalent in villages that formed part of permanent <i>j&#257g&#299rs</i> such as <i>dharm&#257rth</i> or charity, <i>madad-i-ma'&#257sh</i> or subsistence, and <i>in'&#257m</i> or reward grants and in <i>patt&#299d&#257r&#299</i> holdings. Grantees of such <i>j&#257g&#299rs</i> who were called <i>mu'af&#299d&#257rs</i> enjoyed, in addition to a specified part or whole of the revenue income of their lands, some additional rights over their tenants. Tenants were broadly categorized into <i>muz&#257ri'&#257&#7749 mustaqul</i> or <i>muz&#257ri&#8217&#257&#7749-i-maur&#363s&#299</i> (hereditary occpancy tenants) and <i>muz&#257ri&#8217&#257&#7749-i-<u>gh</u>air mustaqil</i> (tenants-at-will). During the time of Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh, <i>muz&#257ri'&#257&#7749 mustaqil</i> were further categorized into <i>&#257s&#257m&#257&#299&#7749-i-qad&#299m</i> coming down from old times, <i>pur&#257n&#257 mustaqil</i> who started cultivating around 1810, and <i>mustaqil jad&#299d</i> who had newly acquired hereditary occupancy rights. The third category covered <i>&#257b&#257dk&#257r&#257&#7749</i>, lit. cultivators of virgin lands, <i>bañjarsh-shig&#257f&#257h</i>, lit, breakers of wastelands, and those who made permanent improvements in their holdings like sinking a well, raising embankments and digging channels for irrigation.</p> <p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under the <i>t&#257bi&#8217d&#257r&#299</i> system the occupancy tenants differed from peasant-proprietors in that, in addition to land revenue due to the government, they had to make certain additional payments and render occasional service to the landlords. The additional dues most common were called <i>m&#257lik&#257n&#257</i> or proprietorship tax (<i>m&#257lik</i>, in Punjabi, means proprietor), ranging from 1-1/2 to 25% of the land revenue. However, they could not be dispossessed of their holdings except, in exceptional cases, when a proprietor required the land for his own use. Even the non-cultivating residents had permanent occupancy right over the land on which they had built their houses. The right was inheritable, but not transferable.</p> </font> <p class="BIB"> BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1">Banga, Indu, <i>Agrarian System of the Sikhs</i>. Delhi, 1978<BR> </ol><p class="CONT">Har&#299 R&#257m Gupta<br></p><BR> </font><img src="counter.aspx" width="1px" height="1px" alt=""></HTML></BODY>