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<p class="C1">&#65279SARMUKH SI&#7748GH (1893-1952), the middle one of the trio of the Jhab&#257l brothers and the first president of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal, was born in 1893 at Jhab&#257l, in Amritsar district of the Punjab. He received his education at <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 College, Amritsar, and started taking interest in social and religious reform while still very young. In 1918, he became a member of the Central M&#257jh&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 D&#299w&#257n. As the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal was formed on 14 December 1920 to be a kind of volunteer corps of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Gurdw&#257r&#257 Parbandhak Committee for the reformation of <i>gurdw&#257r&#257</i> management, he was elected its president. In this capacity, he toured extensively in the Punjab and organized Ak&#257l&#299 <i>jath&#257s</i> in the districts. He was arrested on 24 November 1921 in connection with a <i>morch&#257</i> launched for reclaiming from the British keys of the Golden Temple <i>tosh&#257<u>kh</u>&#257n&#257</i>. He was arrested again on 26 August 1922 in the Gur&#363 k&#257 B&#257<u>gh</u> agitation. When in April 1923, there occurred Hindu-Muslim riots in Amritsar, Sarmukh Si&#7749gh placed Ak&#257l&#299 volunteers at the disposal of the government to help smooth the tempers.</p>
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On 13 October 1923, the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Gurdw&#257r&#257 Parbandhak Committee as well as the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal was declared an unlawful body. The office-bearers were taken into custody and prosecuted in the well-known Lahore Ak&#257l&#299 case. After the Sikh Gurdw&#257r&#257 Act was passed in 1925, the Ak&#257l&#299 leaders who gave the court assurance that they would be willing to work by the provisions of the act were released on 25 January 1926. Those who refused to give any such undertaking continued in jail. Sarmukh Si&#7749gh was among the latter. After his release on 27 September 1926, he gradually veered over to the Indian National Congress. He courted arrest during the Civil Disobedience movement in 1930 and again in the Quit India movement in 1942. After the partition of the Punjab in 1947, he shifted his residence from his lands in the Lyallpur district to Jalandhar where he died on 16 April 1952.</p>
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BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> Prat&#257p Si&#7749gh, Gi&#257n&#299, <i>Gurdw&#257r&#257 Sudh&#257r arth&#257t Ak&#257l&#299 Lahir</i>. Amritsar, 1975<BR>
<li class="C1"><i>Ak&#257li Lahir de Mah&#257n Net&#257</i>. Amritsar, 1976<BR>
<li class="C1"> Josh, Sohan Si&#7749gh, <i>Ak&#257l&#299 Morchi&#257&#7749 d&#257 Itih&#257s</i>. Delhi, 1972<BR>
<li class="C1"> Ashok, Shamsher Si&#7749gh, <i>Shroma&#7751&#299 Gurdw&#257r&#257 Parbandhak Committee d&#257 Pañj&#257h S&#257l&#257 Itih&#257s</i>. Amritsar, 1982<BR>
<li class="C1"> Gand&#257 Si&#7749gh, ed., <i>Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement</i>. Amritsar, 1965<BR>
</ol><p class="CONT">Jagj&#299t Si&#7749gh <br></p><BR>
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