ÿþ<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>SAD&#256 KAUR SARD&#256RN&#298 (1762-1832) </TITLE> <style type="text/css"> .BODY { background-color: #EAF1F7; background-image: url('images/gtbh.jpg'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; background-position: center; color: #0066CC;} .C1{text-align: justify;color: #0066CC;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} .BIB{text-align: center;color: #000099;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} .CONT{text-align: right;color: #FF0000;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} </style><META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="SAD,KAUR,SARDRN*,Person,Person"> <META http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"></HEAD> <BODY class="BODY" oncontextmenu="return false" ondragstart="return false" onselectstart="return false"> <FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma"> <p class="C1">&#65279SAD&#256 KAUR, SARD&#256RN&#298 (1762-1832) , daughter of Dasaundh&#257 Si&#7749gh Gill, was married to Gurba<u>kh</u>sh Si&#7749gh, son of Jai Si&#7749gh, leader of the Kanhaiy&#257 clan. As the menace of Ahmad Sh&#257h Durr&#257n&#299's incursions receded, conflicts broke out among the Sikh <i>misl</i> chiefs. Mah&#257&#7749 Si&#7749gh Sukkarchakk&#299&#257, helped by Jass&#257 Si&#7749gh R&#257mga&#7771h&#299&#257 and Sa&#7749s&#257r Chand Ka&#7789och, attacked Jai Si&#7749gh in 1785. A fierce battle took place at Achal, about 6 km south of Ba&#7789&#257l&#257, which was the seat of the Kanhaiy&#257s. Jai Si&#7749gh was defeated and his son, Gurba<u>kh</u>sh Si&#7749gh husband of Sad&#257 Kaur, was killed. The bereaved, yet farsighted, widowed Sad&#257 Kaur, persuaded her father-in-law, Jai Si&#7749gh, to offer the hand of her only daughter, Mahit&#257b Kaur, to Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh, the five-year old son of Mah&#257&#7749 Si&#7749gh Sukkarchakk&#299&#257. The marriage came off in 1796. Sad&#257 Kaur accompanied her daughter to Gujr&#257&#7749w&#257l&#257 after the nuptials. She became one of the members of the triune regency for young Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh who had succeeded to the leadership of the Sukkarchakk&#299&#257s upon the death of his father in 1792. The other two members were M&#257&#299 R&#257j Kaur (popularly known as M&#257&#299 Malvai&#7751), mother of Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh, and D&#299w&#257n Lakhpat R&#257i his minister. M&#257&#299 Malvai&#7751 and Lakhpat R&#257i were removed from the scene by death, the latter having been killed in an expedition against the warlike Ch&#257&#7789&#7789h&#257s.Sad&#257 Kaur was now the only one of the triumvirate left to guide and counsel Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh. Being by now head of the Kanhaiy&#257 <i>misl</i>, she provided him with material help as well. She helped him to occupy Lahore defeating the Bha&#7749g&#299 chiefs, Mohar Si&#7749gh, S&#257hib Si&#7749gh and Chet Si&#7749gh, from whose misrule the citizens had sought the Sukkarchakk&#299&#257 Sard&#257r to rescue them. Lahore fell to the joint command of Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh and Sad&#257 Kaur on 7 July 1799. Supported by his mother-in-law, Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh made further acquisitions and assumed the title of Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 on 11 April 1801. In the campaigns of Amritsar, Chinio&#7789, Kas&#363r and K&#257&#7749g&#7771&#257 as well as in his expeditions against the turbulent Pa&#7789h&#257ns of Haz&#257r&#257 and Attock, Sad&#257 Kaur led the armies side by side with Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh. But both were strong personalities and mutual clashes began to occur. The marriage of Sad&#257 Kaur's daughter to Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh did not prove a happy one. Mahit&#257b Kaur's first son, &#298shar Si&#7749gh, died in infancy. On his return from the cis-Sutlej campaign in 1807, Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh was presented by Sad&#257 Kaur with twin sons, Sher Si&#7749gh and T&#257r&#257 Si&#7749gh, born to her daughter, Mahit&#257b Kaur. But Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh had already married a second time and the son born to this union was acknowledged as the heir apparent. This soured the relations between the mother-in-law and the son-in-law. Sad&#257 Kaur now opened secret negotiations with Sir Charles Metcalfe and Sir David Ochterlony to secure herself the status of an independent Mah&#257r&#257&#7751&#299. She further offended the Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 by not attending the heir apparent's marriage in 1812. She did not allow even her grandsons, Sher Si&#7749gh and T&#257r&#257 Si&#7749gh, to join the ceremonies. Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh started making inroads into the Kanhaiy&#257 territory lying on the other side of the River Be&#257s. The breaking point finally came when, on Sher Si&#7749gh's attaining majority, Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh insisted that Sad&#257 Kaur hand over the administration of her estates to him. Sad&#257 Kaur refused and threatened to seek the protection of the British in the cis-Sutlej territory and hand over to them the town of Vadhn&#299, located to the south of Sutlej which Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh had conquered and transferred to her in1808.The Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 cajoled Sad&#257 Kaur into visiting Lahore, where she was kept under strict surveillance. Once she managed to escape in a covered litter, but was detected and brought back. Her territory was, in the meantime, sequestered and the wealth of the Kanhaiy&#257s lying at A&#7789alga&#7771h (Muker&#299&#257&#7749) was confiscated. Ba&#7789&#257l&#257 was granted as a <i>j&#257g&#299r</i> to Sher Si&#7749gh while the rest of Sad&#257 Kaur's estates were placed under the governorship of Sard&#257r Des&#257 Si&#7749gh Maj&#299&#7789h&#299&#257. Sad&#257 Kaur died in confinement in December 1832.</p> </font> <p class="BIB"> BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> S&#363r&#299, Sohan L&#257l, <i>'Umdat ut- Tw&#257r&#299<u>kh</u></i>. Lahore, 1885-89<BR> <li class="C1"> Griffin, Sir Lepel H., <i>Ranjit Si&#7749gh</i>. Oxford, 1905<BR> <li class="C1"> Khushwant Singh, <i>History of the Sikhs</i>, vol I. Princeton, 1963<BR> </ol><p class="CONT">R&#257jinder Si&#7749gh<br></p><BR> </font><img src="counter.aspx" width="1px" height="1px" alt=""></HTML></BODY>