ÿþ<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>KAU&#7770&#256 MALL D&#298W&#256N MAH&#256R&#256J&#256 BAH&#256DUR (d.1752)</TITLE> <style type="text/css"> .BODY { background-color: #EAF1F7; background-image: url('images/gtbh.jpg'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; background-position: center; color: #0066CC;} .C1{text-align: justify;color: #0066CC;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} .BIB{text-align: center;color: #000099;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} .CONT{text-align: right;color: #FF0000;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} </style><META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="KAUZ,MALL,D*WN,MAHRJ,BAHDUR"> <META http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"></HEAD> <BODY class="BODY" oncontextmenu="return false" ondragstart="return false" onselectstart="return false"> <FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma"> <p class="C1">&#65279KAU&#7770&#256 MALL, D&#298W&#256N, MAH&#256R&#256J&#256 BAH&#256DUR (d.1752), a Sahajdh&#257r&#299 Sikh and trusted officer under the Mu<u>gh</u>als in the eighteenth-century Punjab, was the son of Vall&#363 R&#257m, an Aro&#7771&#257 of the Chuggh clan, originally from a village near Shorko&#7789 in Jha&#7749g district, now in Pakistan. Little is known about the early life of Kau&#7771&#257 Mall. Muft&#299 'Al&#299 ud-D&#299n, '<i>Ibrat N&#257mah</i>, refers to him as "Kau&#7771&#257 Mall Aro&#7771&#257 Qan&#363ngo Mult&#257n&#299." It appears that he, like his father and grandfather, was at first a revenue official, <i>qan&#363ngo</i>, in the Mult&#257n province. Later, he came to Lahore and rose to be a senior military general and courtier. The earliest reference to Kau&#7771&#257 Mall is by a contemporary, Sh&#257h Naw&#257z <u>Kh</u>&#257n (1699-1757), in his <i>Ma'&#257sir ul-Umr&#257</i>, according to which Kau&#7771&#257 Mall, under orders of Zakar&#299y&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257n, then governor of both Lahore and Mult&#257n, led an expedition in 1738 against Pan&#257h Bha&#7789&#7789&#299, a powerful marauder chief who had the entire western Punjab, from the banks of R&#257v&#299 upto Hasan Abd&#257l in the northwest, at his mercy. Pan&#257h Bha&#7789&#7789&#299 was defeated, captured and executed. Zakar&#299y&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257n appointed Kau&#7771&#257 Mall <i>d&#299w&#257n</i> of Mult&#257n. Early in 1746, during the governorship of Y&#257hiy&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257n, when Lakhpat R&#257i, the <i>d&#299w&#257n</i> of Lahore, in order to avenge the death of his brother Jaspat R&#257i, killed in an encounter with the Sikhs, swore to exterminate the entire sect of Sikhs, and as a first step in this direction, ordered the arrest and execution of the Sikhs of Lahore, mostly domestic servants and small shopkeepers, Kau&#7771&#257 Mall, along with the Hindu gentry of the town, pleaded with him to spare their lives, but in vain. The captured Sikhs were put to the sword on 10 March 1746. Lakhpat R&#257i followed this with full scale military operations against Sikhs who had sought shelter in hills and forests, ending with what is known as Chho&#7789&#257 Ghaull&#363gh&#257r&#257, or lesser or minor holocaust, on 1 May 1746 in which about 7,000 Sikhs were killed and 3,000 captured. The latter, too, were executed in Lahore. Kau&#7771&#257 Mall left Lahore in disgust and went to Mult&#257n, where Sh&#257h Naw&#257z <u>Kh</u>&#257n, younger brother of Y&#257hiy&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257n, was the governor. A civil war broke out between the two brothers in November 1746, in which Y&#257hiy&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257n was worsted. Sh&#257h Naw&#257z <u>Kh</u>&#257n who, on 21 March 1747 became governor of Lahore as well, appointed Kau&#7771&#257 Mall <i>d&#299w&#257n</i> of Lahore. But Sh&#257h Naw&#257z <u>Kh</u>&#257n was forced to flee to Delhi when on I1 January 1748 Lahore was occupied by Ahmad Sh&#257h Durr&#257n&#299, who appointed Juml&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257n, an Af<u>gh</u>&#257n noble of Kas&#363r, as his governor, and Lakhpat R&#257i as his <i>d&#299w&#257n</i>. The Durr&#257n&#299 was, however, defeated in the battle of M&#257n&#363pur near Sirhind on 11 March 1748, and forced to retire to his own country. Mu'&#299n ul Mulk, nicknamed M&#299r Mann&#363 by the Sikhs, who now became governor of the Punjab on behalf of the Mu<u>gh</u>al government at Delhi, not only reinstated Kau&#7771&#257 Mall as <i>d&#299w&#257n</i> but also appointed him deputy governor of the <i>s&#363bah</i> or province of Mult&#257n. Lakhpat R&#257i was arrested and fined, 30,00,000 rupees of which he could pay only a part. Kau&#7771&#257 Mall secured his person by paying the rest of the fine and handed him over to the Sikhs who consigned him to a dungeon where he died a miserable death after six months of indignities and torture.</p> <p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kau&#7771&#257 Mall went to Mult&#257n and took charge of the province, but M&#299r Mann&#363 soon summoned him to Lahore and sent him on an expedition against the &#7692ogr&#257 chiefs of Jamm&#363 region. For his Mult&#257n expedition (September-October 1749) against Sh&#257h Naw&#257z <u>Kh</u>&#257n who had again taken independent charge of the province, Kau&#7771&#257 Mall, enlisted the help of about 10,000 Sikhs under Sard&#257r Jass&#257 Si&#7749gh &#256hl&#363v&#257l&#299&#257. Sh&#257h Naw&#257z <u>Kh</u>&#257n was killed in battle and Kau&#7771&#257 Mall reoccupied Mult&#257n. M&#299r Mann&#363 conferred the title of Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Bah&#257dur on him and appointed him governor of Mult&#257n, &#7788ha&#7789&#7789&#257 and &#7692er&#257j&#257t. Kau&#7771&#257 Mall, in fulfilment of the promise given to the Sikhs, constructed Gurdw&#257r&#257 B&#257l L&#299l&#257 and a <i>sarovar</i> at Nank&#257&#7751&#257 S&#257hib and got desilted the Amritsar pool which had been filled up by Lakhpat R&#257i during the governorship of Y&#257hiy&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257n. He also built a fortress named Ga&#7771h Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 at his ancestoral village, near Shorko&#7789. The Sikhs now began to call him Mi&#7789&#7789h&#257 Mall, <i>mi&#7789&#7789h&#257</i> in Punjabi meaning 'sweet' over against <i>kau&#7771&#257</i> meaning 'bitter'.</p> <p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During his governorship of Mult&#257n, Kau&#7771&#257 Mall established friendly relations with D&#257&#363dpotr&#257 chiefs of the neighbouring state of Bah&#257walpur, quelled rebellions in S&#257h&#299v&#257l and &#7692er&#257 <u>Gh</u>&#257z&#299 <u>Kh</u>&#257n and realized huge arrears of revenue due from the districts of Mir&#257k, Shorko&#7789, Ko&#7789 Kam&#257l&#299&#257, and Chinio&#7789. In October 1751, in view of the impending third invasion of India by Ahmad Sh&#257h Durr&#257n&#299, M&#299r Mann&#363 again summoned Kau&#7771&#257 Mall to Lahore. Kau&#7771&#257 Mall tried to buy peace but when the invader, by-passing M&#299r Mann&#363's advance positions across the R&#257v&#299, laid siege to Lahore, he prepared to fight, soliciting help from the Sikhs again. The final battle took place at Mahm&#363d B&#363&#7789&#299, some distance from Lahore, on 6 March 1752. Kau&#7771&#257 Mall fought valiantly, but was shot at and killed by one B&#257z&#299d <u>Kh</u>&#257n of Kas&#363r at the instance of his treacherous and jealous ally, &#256d&#299n&#257 Beg, <i>faujd&#257r</i> of Jalandhar Do&#257b.</p> </font> <p class="BIB"> BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> Balb&#299r Si&#7749gh, <i>Sr&#299 Charanhari Visth&#257r</i>. Amritsar, 1942<BR> <li class="C1"> Ga&#7751&#7693&#257 Si&#7749gh <i>Kau&#7771&#257 Mal Bah&#257dur</i>. Amritsar, 1942<BR> <li class="C1"> Bha&#7749g&#363, Ratan Si&#7749gh, <i>Pr&#257ch&#299n Panth Prak&#257sh</i>. Amritsar, 1914<BR> <li class="C1"> Harbans Singh, <i>Bhai Vir Singh</i>. Delhi, 1972<BR> </ol><p class="CONT">Bhagat Si&#7749gh<br></p><BR> </font><img src="counter.aspx" width="1px" height="1px" alt=""></HTML></BODY>