<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>BAVAÑJ&#256 KAV&#298</TITLE>
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<p class="C1">&#65279BAVAÑJ&#256 KAV&#298 lit. fifty-two poets, is how the galaxy of poets and scholars who attended on Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh (1666-1708) is popularly designated. Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh, N&#257nak X, prophet and soldier, was an accomplished poet and also a great patron of letters. According to Sar&#363p D&#257s Bhall&#257, <i>Mahim&#257 Prak&#257sh</i>, he sent out Sikhs to different parts of the country to invite and bring to him scholars of repute. His instruction was : "Let them bring with them works pertaining to the fields they specialize in. " When they came, "the, True Gur&#363 bestowed great respect and honour upon them and provided for them without discrimination. " Although traditionally mentioned to be 52, the number of scholars who came and stayed with the Gur&#363 at one time or the other was even larger. Bh&#257&#299 Santokh Si&#7749gh, <i>Sr&#299 Gur Prat&#257p S&#363raj Granth</i>, mentions 52 poets and Bh&#257&#299 Sukkh&#257 Si&#7749gh, <i>Gurbil&#257s</i>, 36 <i>lekhaks</i> (writers or scribes). Besides, there were <i>bha&#7789&#7789s</i> who often recited their own poetical compositions. Several poets like Pa&#7751&#7693it Sukhdev, Brind, '&#256lim, Ku&#7749varesh, K&#257&#7749sh&#299 R&#257m and Nand L&#257l Goy&#257, who had earlier been at the Mu<u>gh</u>al court, came to spend the rest of their lives at the feet of the Gur&#363. These men were assigned by Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh to the task of rendering of Hindi, Sanskrit and Persian classics into Bh&#257kh&#257 written in Gurmukh&#299 script. The work appears to have been taken in hand quite early in his career, probably in 1678 and spread over the next two decades and more, including four very productive years at P&#257o&#7751&#7789&#257 S&#257hib (1685-88), until the Gur&#363, foreseeing the impending conflicts that were to engulf Anandpur, relieved the poets, scholars and scribes. Classics such as <i>Cha&#7751akya-n&#299ti, Pañchtantra, Hitopade&#347a, Upani&#7779ads</i> and parts of <i>Mah&#257bh&#257rata</i> were translated into Braj and Punjabi and works and manuals on martial arts such as rearing, training and employment of hawks, horses, elephants, camels and dogs were prepared. A few Hindi classics were transliterated into Gurmukh&#299. According to Bh&#257&#299 Santokh Si&#7749gh, <i>Sr&#299 Gur Prat&#257p S&#363raj Granth</i>, the entire work was collected into a single anthology called <i>Vidya Sar</i> or <i>Vidya S&#257gar</i>, lit. ocean of knowledge. The poet even mentions the weight of the whole mass of manuscripts - nine maunds or approximately 350 kilograms. Whatever the quantity of the material, the entire treasure was lost consequent upon the evacuation of Anandpur in December 1705, most of it in the flooded Sars&#257 stream. Only small fragments and copies of some of the manuscripts already prepared and carried out of Anandpur by the authors themselves or by others survived. The names of poets and scholars which have come down to us through these fragments or through other works such as <i>Sau S&#257kh&#299, Mahim&#257 Prak&#257sh, Gurbil&#257s Dasvi&#7749 P&#257tsh&#257h&#299, Sr&#299 Gur Prat&#257p S&#363raj Granth, Gurpad Prem Prak&#257sh</i> and <i>Tw&#257r&#299<u>kh</u> Gur&#363 <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257</i> are listed below:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
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		&#256&#7693h&#257</font></td>
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		2.
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		&#39;&#256lim</font></td>
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		3.</font></td>
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		All&#363</font></td>
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		4.</font></td>
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		Amrit R&#257i</font></td>
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5.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Aṇī Rāi</font></p></td>
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6.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Āsā Siṅgh</font></p>
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7.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Ballū Bhaṭṭ</font></p>
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8.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Bhagatū</font></p>
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9.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Bhoj Rāj</font></p>
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10.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Bidhī Chand</font></p></td>
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		11.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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		Bihārī</font></p></td>
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		12.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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		Brahm Bhaṭṭ</font></p></td>
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		13.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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		Brij Lāl</font></p></td>
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14.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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Brikkhā</font></p>
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15.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Buland</font></p>
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		16.</font></td>
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		Chand(Chandan)</font></td>
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		17.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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		Chandra Sain Sain&#257pati</font></p>
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18.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Des&#363 Bha&#7789&#7789</font></p>
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19.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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Dev&#299 D&#257s</font></p>
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20.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p class="C1">
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Dhann&#257 Si&#7749gh</font></p>
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21.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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Dharam Si&#7749gh</font></p>
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22.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Dhy&#257n Si&#7749gh</font></p>
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23.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Girdh&#257r&#299 L&#257l</font></p>
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24.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Gu&#7751&#299&#257</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
25.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Gurd&#257s Gu&#7751&#299</font></p>
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26.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Gurd&#257s Si&#7749gh</font></p>
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27.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Ha&#7749s R&#257m</font></p>
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28.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Har&#299 D&#257s</font></p>
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29.&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
H&#299r Bha&#7789&#7789</font></p>
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30.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Husain 'Al&#299</font></p>
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31.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
&#298shar D&#257s</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
32.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
J&#257do R&#257i</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
33.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
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<p class="C1">
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Jam&#257l</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
34.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Kall&#363</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
35.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
K&#257sh&#299 R&#257m</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
36.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Kesho Bha&#7789t&#803&#803</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
37.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
<u>Kh</u>&#257n Chand</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
38.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Ku&#7749varesh</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
39.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Lak<u>kh</u>an R&#257i</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
40.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
L&#257l Khi&#257l&#299</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
41.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Madan Gir&#299</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
42.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Madd&#363 Si&#7749gh</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
43.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Madh&#363</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
44.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
M&#257l&#257 Si&#7749gh</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
45.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Mall Bha&#7789t&#803&#803</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
46.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
M&#257n D&#257s Vair&#257g&#299</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
47.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Ma&#7749gal</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
48.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Mathr&#257 D&#257s</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
49.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
M&#299r Chhab&#299l&#257</font></p>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
50.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p></td>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
M&#299r Mushk&#299</font></p></td>
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<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
		51.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p></td>
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		<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
		Nand L&#257l Goy&#257</font></p></td>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
52.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Nand L&#257l, Pa&#7751&#7693it</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
53.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Nand R&#257m</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
54.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Nand Si&#7749gh</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
55.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Nan Vair&#257g&#299</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
56.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
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		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Narbud Bha&#7789&#7789</font></p>
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<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
57.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Nih&#257l Chand</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
58.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Nihchal Faq&#299r</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
59.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Phat Mall</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
60.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Pi&#7751&#7693&#299 L&#257l</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
61.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Prahil&#257d R&#257i</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
62.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
R&#257m D&#257s</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
63.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Raghun&#257th, Pa&#7751&#7693it</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
64.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Raushan Si&#7749gh</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
65.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
R&#257val</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
66.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Sh&#257rd&#257</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
67.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Shy&#257m</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
68.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Sud&#257m&#257</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
69.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Sukh&#299&#257</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
70.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Sukh&#299&#257 Si&#7749gh</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
71.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Sundar</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
72.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
&#7788ahikan</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
73.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Tansukh</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
74.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
&#7788h&#257kar</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
75.&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font>
		</p>
		</td>
		<td>
<p class="C1">
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
Ude R&#257i</font></p>
		</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
		76.</font></td>
		<td>
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">
		Vallabh</font></td>
	</tr>
</table>
</font>
<p class="BIB">
BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> Bhall&#257, Sar&#363p D&#257s, <i>Mahim&#257 Prak&#257sh</i>. Patiala, 1971<BR>
<li class="C1"> Suk<u>kh</u>&#257 Si&#7749gh, <i>Gurbil&#257s Dasv&#299&#7749 P&#257tsh&#257h&#299</i> . Lahore, 1912<BR>
<li class="C1"> Santokh Si&#7749gh, Bh&#257&#299, <i>Sr&#299 Gur Prat&#257p S&#363raj Granth</i>. Amritsar, 1926-37<BR>
<li class="C1"> Gi&#257n Si&#7749gh, Gi&#257n&#299, <i>Tw&#257r&#299kh Gur&#363 <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257</i>. Patiala, 1970<BR>
<li class="C1"> Vidi&#257rth&#299, Devindar Si&#7749gh, <i>Sr&#299 Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh Abhinandan</i>. Amritsar, 1983<BR>
<li class="C1"> Padam, Pi&#257r&#257 Si&#7749gh, <i>Sr&#299 Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh J&#299 de Darb&#257r&#299 Ratan</i>. Patiala, 1976<BR>
<li class="C1"> Macauliffe, M. A. , <i>The Sikh Religion</i>. Oxford, 1909<BR>
</ol><p class="CONT">Pi&#257r&#257 Si&#7749gh Padam<br></p><BR>
</font>
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